Vitalik Buterin has published an article examining the trade-offs in security, speed, and coordination challenges between a layer-2-centric ecosystem and a more centralized layer-1 approach. He opines that, in a technical sense, a layer-2-centric system effectively functions as sharding. Additionally, Buterin sheds light on the ERC-7683 standard, a dependable option for cross-chain token exchange. This highlights the significance of evolving standards to facilitate smoother interoperability across different layers of the blockchain